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Types of kidney stones:
Kidney stones affect about 12% of people globally. These painful masses form in the kidneys from crystals in urine. Kidney stones have various causes like diet, lifestyle, genetics, and environment. Seeking medical care is crucial, as stones can lead to kidney damage or failure if left untreated.
There are five major types of kidney stones:
1. Calcium oxalate stones are the most common, making up about 80% of kidney stones. They form when urine has high calcium, oxalate or uric acid. Foods like spinach, chocolate and nuts contain oxalates and can contribute to stone formation.
2. Calcium phosphate stones develop due to issues with the urinary system. They may also be a side effect of certain medications used to treat seizures or migraines.
3. Uric acid stones form when urine is too acidic. Dehydration, gout, cancer treatments, and a diet high in animal protein and purines increase the risk. These account for 3-10% of stones.
4. Struvite stones develop from infections in the kidneys or urinary tract. More common in women, these "infection stones" can grow quickly and require prompt medical intervention.
5. Cystine stones result from a genetic disorder that causes cystine amino acid to leak into the urine. Though rare, making up just 2% of cases, they can recur frequently.
Treatment depends on the type of stone and may include shock wave lithotripsy to break up stones, surgery to remove them, or medications to change urine composition. Staying hydrated and limiting foods high in oxalates can help prevent recurrence after stone removal. Consultation with a nephrologist or urologist is recommended for accurate diagnosis and effective treatment plans tailored to the type of kidney stones.